Abstract
Micronuclei originate from chromatin which for different reasons has been lagging in anaphase (Fig. la-d). In the course of telophase this material is included into one or the other daughter cell where it either can fuse with the main nucleus or form one or several secondary nuclei. These are, as a rule, considerably smaller than the principal nucleus and are therefore called micronuclei. Lagging has two main causes: chromosome breakage and malfunction of the spindle apparatus. In the first case the lagging elements are acentric chromosome fragments and di- or multicentrics connected by bridges, and in the second case they consist of entire chromosomes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
T. M. Schroeder, Investigation of bone marrow smears, in “Chemical Mutagenesis in Mammals and Man” (F. Vogel and G. Röhrborn, eds.) pp. 214–219, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (1970).
F. Vogel, G. Röhrborn, and I. Hansmann, Die Testung von Fremdstoffen auf Mutage-nität Arzneim.Forsch. 24, 1665–1677 (1974).
K. Boller and W. Schmid, Chemische Mutagenese beim Säuger. Das Knochenmark des Chinesischen Hamsters als in vivo-Testsystem. Hämatologische Befunde nach Behandlung mit Trenimon, Humangenetik 11, 35–54 (1970).
W. Schmid, D. T. Arakaki, N. A. Breslau, and J. C. Culbertson, Chemical mutagenesis. The Chinese hamster bone marrow as an in vivo test system. I. Cytogenetic results on basic aspects of the methodology, obtained with alkylating agents, Humangenetik 11, 103–118 (1971).
B. Matter and W. Schmid, Trenimon-induced chromosomal damage in bone marrow cells of six mammalian species, evaluated by the micronucleus test, Mutat. Res. 12, 417–425 (1971).
M. von Ledebur and W. Schmid, The micronucleus test. Methodological aspects, Mutat. Res. 19, 109–117 (1973).
W. Schmid, Chemical mutagen testing on in vivo somatic mammalian cells. Agents Actions 3, 77–85 (1973).
W. Schmid, The micronucleus test, Mutat. Res. 31, 9–15 (1975).
P. Maier and W. Schmid, in preparation.
J. A. Heddle, A rapid in vivo test for chromosome damage, Mutat. Res. 18, 187–190 (1973).
M. Spatz, D. W. E. Smith, E. G. McDaniel, and G. L. Laqueur, Role of intestinal microorganisms in determining cyasin toxicity, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. (N.Y.) 124, 691–697 (1967).
D. Jenssen, C. Ramel, and R. Göthe, The induction of micronuclei by frameshift mutagens at the time of nucleus expulsion in mouse erythroblasts, Mutat. Res. 26, 553–555 (1974).
P. Maier and W. Schmid, The non-induction of micronuclei by quinacrine, Mutat. Res. 30, 299–302 (1975).
B. E. Matter and J. Grauwiler, Micronuclei in mouse bone-marrow cells. A simplein vivo model for the evaluation of drug-induced chromosomal aberrations, Mutat. Res. 23, 239–249 (1974).
N. Brock and H. J. Hohorst, Ueber die Aktivierung von Cyclophosphamid in vivo und in vitro, Arzneim.-Forsch. 13, 1021–1031 (1963).
L. Fishbein, W. G. Flamm, and H. L. Falk, “Chemical Mutagens,” Academic Press, New York (1970).
B. K. Vig, Chromosome aberrations induced in human leukocytes by the antileukemic antibiotic Adriamycin, Cancer Res. 31, 32–38 (1971).
K. Ohama and T. Kadotani, Cytologic effects of Bleomycin on cultured human leukocytes, Hum. Genet. 14, 293–297 (1970).
D. Müller, M. Langauer, R. Rathenberg, F. F. Strasser, and R. Hess, Mikrokerntest sowie Chromosomenuntersuchung an somatischen und gonosomalen Zellen des Chinesischen Hamsters nach Cyclophosphamidgabe, Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Pathol. 56, 381–384 (1972).
M. M. Jellema and J. L. Schardein, Comparison of two methods for determining the cytogenetic effects induced by triethylenemelamine, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 31, 107–113 (1975).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schmid, W. (1976). The Micronucleus Test for Cytogenetic Analysis. In: Hollaender, A. (eds) Chemical Mutagens. Chemical Mutagens. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0892-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-0892-8_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-0894-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-0892-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive